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Turks Beginning to Turn Agains Turkish Invasio of Afrin

Written By Sunday, April 24, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Military performance launched by the Turkish Armed services and the Gratuitous Syrian Army

Afrin offensive (January–March 2018)
Part of Operation Olive Branch, the Turkish interest in the Syrian Civil War, and the Kurdish–Turkish disharmonize (2015–present)
Afrin frontlines 2018.gif
Blithe map of the offensive

 Turkish-backed opposition control

 SDF control

 Syrian Army control

 Articulation Syrian Army and SDF control

For a more than detailed, upwards-to-engagement, interactive map, see hither.
Date twenty January[a] – 24 March 2018[8]
(ii months and 4 days)
Location

Afrin District and Azaz District, northern Aleppo Governorate, Syria
Result

Turkish and TFSA victory

  • Turkish Armed Forces and their allies capture the entire Afrin Commune[8] (282 towns and villages),[nine] including Afrin city.[x]
  • YPG-held territory in Afrin along the Turkish-Syrian border is captured by the TFSA,[11] linking Azaz and Idlib (previously cut off since February 2016). [12]
  • Beginning of SDF insurgency in captured territories.
[13] [14] [fifteen] [16] [17]
Belligerents
Commonwealth of Turkey
Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army (TFSA) [1]
Other rebel factions[2] 		Democratic Federation of Northern Syria
Syrian Arab Republic (20 Feb. – 21 March) [3] [4]
Sinjar Alliance[5]
International Liberty Battalion (IFB)[six]
Supported by:
Iran Iran[7] (alleged)
Commanders and leaders

Turkey Gen. Hulusi Akar
(Government minister of Defense force, former Army Chief)
Turkey Gen. İsmail Metin Temel[18]
(Operations chief commander, until December 2018)
Lt. Col. Muhammad Hamadin[19]
(Third Legion and Levant Front commander)

Syrian opposition Col. Ahmed Othman[20]
(Sultan Murad Division top commander)
Syrian opposition Fehim Isa[21]
(Second Corps and Sultan Murad Sectionalization commander)
Syrian opposition Sayf Balud[22]
(Hamza Sectionalisation height commander)
Abu Muslim[23]
(Levant Front commander)
Maj. Yasser Abdul Rahim[23]
(Sham Legion commander, until 7 February[24] )
Lt. Wael al-Mousa † [25]
(First Legion commander)
Ahmad Fayyadh al-Khalaf † [26]
(Samarkand Brigade field commander)

Bahjt Abedo[27]
(Afrin Region defense government minister)[28]
Mehmud Berxwedan[29]
(YPG and SDF Afrin commander)

Qehreman Cudî † [30]
(YPG and SDF Afrin commander)
Tokshin Botan † [31]
(YPJ commander)
Zilan Judy † [31]
(YPJ commander)
Haji Ahmed[32]
(Regular army of Revolutionaries commander)
Abu Omar al-Idlibi[33]
(Northern Democratic Brigade commander)
Viyan İsyan[34]
(MLKP commander)
Ibrahim Maktabi
(NDF commander) [35]
Mohamed al Faraj
(NDF commander) [36]
Muthanna Nasser † [37]
(NDF commander)
Units involved
See order of battle See order of boxing
Strength

Turkey 6,400[38]

Equipment

    • Unknown number of F-4E 2020 Terminator[39]
    • Tens of F-xvi Fighting Falcon[twoscore]
    • Unknown number of Leopard two A4[41]
    • Unknown number of M60T Sabra[42]
    • Unknown number of T-155 Fırtına Howitzers[43]
    • Unknown number of T-122 Sakarya Rocket Artillery[44]
    • Unknown number of Kirpi APC[45]
    • two T129 ATAK[46]
10,000–25,000[47] [48] 		8,000–ten,000 (tardily January) [49]
twenty,000 (late Feb) [50]
800+[51]
Casualties and losses

Per SOHR: [52]
447 killed
Turkey 78 killed

Per SDF:
Turkey 1,648+ killed[53]

Per Turkey:
302 killed[54]

Turkey 51 killed,[55] 228 wounded[56]

Per SOHR: [52]
1,500 killed
91 killed

Per SDF:
820 killed[57]
62 killed[58]

Per Turkey:

3,755 killed, wounded or captured[59]
289–500 civilians killed in Syria
(per SOHR & SDF) [b] [52] [57]
7–9 civilians killed in Turkey[60] [61] (ii Syrians) [62]

a The TAF announced the start of Operation Olive Co-operative on twenty January,[63] while the Turkish Defence Minister stated it "de facto started with cross-border shelling" the day before[64] when ane additional SDF fighter was killed.[65]

b Denied by Turkey,[66] just confirmed by Turkey'southward pro-Kurdish HDP.[67]

The Afrin offensive (January–March 2018) was a military operation launched by the Turkish Armed Forces and the Turkish-backed Free Syrian Regular army against the Syrian Autonomous Forces in Afrin Commune in northwestern Syria every bit the initial phase of Operation Olive Branch. At the end of military operations, the UN had registered 150,000 Kurdish refugees in camps in the area of Tel Rifaat;[68] the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR) estimated that 300,000 people had been expelled in total.[69] By May, SOHR estimated that 40,000 settlers had been moved into Afrin, some of them Arabs displaced from eastern Ghouta, but generally families of the mixed Arab and Syrian Turkmen militias.[70]

Offensive [edit]

Initial TFSA-Turkish advances [edit]

The Turkish regime appear the start of the offensive on 19 January 2018, with Turkish Defence Minister Nurettin Canikli stating, "The operation has actually de facto started with cross-border shelling." He added no troops had crossed into Afrin.[64] Syria warned against an eventual invasion, and appear it would target Turkish fighter jets.[71] Turkey intensified its shelling later, while People's Protection Units (YPG) stated that lxx shells had been fired overnight.[71] After days of shelling, Turkish fighter jets on 20 January 2018 carried out air strikes on the border commune targeting positions held by the PYD and YPG groups.[49]

Turkish media reported that 20 buses carrying Turkish-backed Syrian opposition rebels had crossed into Syrian arab republic through the Öncüpınar border crossing. An AFP photographer stated that 30 buses carrying Syrian fighters had also crossed through the Cilvegözü border crossing.[72]

On 20 January, the pro-PYD Hawar News Bureau reported that fighters of the Army of Revolutionaries in the Shahba Canton inflicted harm to the ranks of the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army as they killed 4 SNA fighters, and wounded v others, in a response to the recent mortar and artillery bombardments of noncombatant areas.[73] YPG forces fired rockets on Turkish border towns Kilis and Reyhanli, where at least one civilian was reported killed among a number of wounded.[74] Turkey announced that its airstrikes had striking 150 targets in Afrin.[75] [76]

The Turkish Full general Staff made the proclamation in a statement published on its website, proverb the objective of the mission is to "establish security and stability on our borders and region, to eliminate terrorists of PKK/KCK/PYD-YPG and ISIL."[77] On 21 January 2018, Turkish state media reported that Turkish basis forces had begun to move into Afrin.[78] and had advanced up to 5 kilometres (3.one mi) into the territory.[74] SOHR reported that Turkish troops had clashed with Kurdish militias on the northern and western borders of Afrin and entered the towns of Shankil and Adah Manli to the westward.[79]

By 22 January 2018, Turkish forces announced the capture of 7 villages, although the YPG recaptured two.[80] The same solar day, the first Turkish soldier was reported killed in the fighting.[81] [82] By 23 January, territorial gains of the pro-Turkish forces were still "express". Both sides said to have inflicted numerous casualties on each other,[83] including a high-ranking TFSA commander,[26] amid the dorsum-and-forth fighting for several strategic points at the border. Meanwhile, well-nigh 5,000 civilians had fled the Turkish accelerate in the contested areas, relocating into the central areas of Afrin Region.[83]

On 27 Jan, in the starting time case of a Kurdish suicide attack against Turkish forces, female Kurdish YPJ fighter Zuluh Hemo (a.one thousand.a. "Avesta Habur") reportedly threw a grenade downward the turret of a Turkish tank, destroying the tank and killing two Turkish soldiers and herself. The reported attack took place during fighting in the village of al-Hammam.[84] The Turkish military denied that any Turkish soldiers had been killed or injured in the incident, and also said that Hemo blew herself up with a grenade in her rima oris.[85]

On 28 Jan, pro-Turkish forces achieved their offset major victory by capturing the strategic Barsaya mountain[86] [87] after several previous attacks on the mountain since 22 January failed[88] due to Kurdish resistance.[89] According to Kurdish reports, Kurdish fighters once once again pushed dorsum the Turkish-led forces from the mountain the following day,[xc] although Turkey disputed this,[91] with Turkish commander Lt. Gen. İsmail Metin Temel, who was leading the operation, reportedly visiting Barsaya.[92]

At the start of February, some rebel factions fighting on behalf of the Turkish army reportedly withdrew from Afrin in order to fight the Syrian regular army.[93]

On vi February, a convoy from the eastern parts of SDF-controlled Northern Syria carrying YPG also as Yazidi YBŞ and YJÊ fighters passed through authorities-held territory and arrived in the metropolis of Afrin after an understanding for the transfer was approved by Damascus. Their number was unclear, merely estimates ranged from 500 to 5,000. In that location had been reports that the agreement, every bit well every bit a recent halt in Turkish airstrikes on the Afrin region, was approved after the Turkish troop deployment in the Aleppo province and the downing of a Russian Su-25 by rebels in the Idlib province, located close to Turkish troops on 3 February. A commander among the pro-Syrian government forces also said that the army had deployed air defenses and anti-aircraft missiles to the front lines that are near Turkish positions and cover the airspace of the Syrian north including Afrin.[94] [95] [96] [97] [98] According to Turkish sources, Russia temporarily closed Syrian airspace to Turkey to constitute an electronic defense machinery against the shoulder-launched missiles since the night of 4 Feb. Co-ordinate to the report, Turkish armed drones can all the same operate in Afrin.[99]

On ix February, the Syrian airspace was reopened for Turkish jets.[100] [101] On x February, a Turkish T129 ATAK attack helicopter crashed with both crew members beingness killed. According to Turkish President Erdoğan, the SDF, and SOHR, the helicopter was shot down.[102] [103] [104] The Turkish Prime number Minister as well confirmed that a helicopter had been downed, while the Turkish armed forces did not requite a cause for the crash but stated an investigation was being conducted.[105] The SDF on 17 February claimed a cantankerous-edge attack on Turkish forces and its allies in Kırıkhan. Turkish media had reported two Turkish soldiers and five Syrian rebels beingness wounded when a police station was hit by mortar fire in Kırıkhan.[106]

Entry of pro-Syrian authorities forces [edit]

On 19 February, Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA) reported that the Syrian government had reached a bargain with the YPG in Afrin.[107] Turkish FM Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu responded that they welcomed Syrian forces if they wanted to fight the YPG, stating, "If and then, there is no problem. Nevertheless, if they are entering [Afrin] to protect YPG/PKK, nobody tin can cease the Turkish army". Nuri Mahmoud, a YPG spokesman, told Al-Jazeera that they had called on pro-Syrian regime forces "to preserve a united Syria" but added they hadn't arrived even so.[108] However, a while afterwards, Nuri denied they had reached an agreement with the Syrian government.[109]

On 20 February, Turkish President Erdoğan stated that Turkey had thwarted the possible deployment of pro-Syrian government forces into the Afrin surface area after talks with Russian President Vladimir Putin. Meanwhile, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said that the situation in Afrin could exist resolved through direct dialogue between Damascus and Ankara.[110] On the same day, the TFSA linked the Bulbul area with Azaz, subsequently capturing the Deir al-Sawan village.[111]

Afterwards on 20 February, pro-Syrian regime militias calling themselves the "Popular Forces" entered YPG-held Afrin.[112] The Baqir Brigade, role of the Local Defence Forces (LDF) militia network, announced that it would be leading those forces.[3] A convoy of pro-Syrian government troops entered the region to support the YPG, but was striking past Turkish forces, who fired "warning shots". Anadolu Agency stated that pro-Syrian regime troops withdrew 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from Afrin boondocks because of the warning shots. SANA confirmed Turkish arms involvement but didn't mention any retreat.[113] President Erdoğan said that the militias were repelled past Turkish artillery, calculation that the convoy consisted of "terrorists" who acted independently. He also stated, "Unfortunately, these kind of terror organizations take wrong steps with the decisions they accept. It is non possible for united states to allow this. They will pay a heavy price."[114]

Ex-PYD co-chair Salih Muslim Muhammad meanwhile denied whatever political understanding with the Syrian government, stating the agreement about Afrin was purely military.[115] The Syrian state media on 21 February announced the arrival of more pro-Syrian government forces. A commander of an alliance fighting for the Syrian regime stated that pro-regime militias in Afrin had retaliated after being attacked by Turkish-backed rebels during the preceding night.[116]

By 26 February, the YPG had been pushed back from nigh of the border with Turkey. During the twenty-four hours, Deputy Prime number Minister Bekir Bozdag appear the deployment of law special forces in Afrin for a new battle.[117] The Turkish government stated on 28 February that the United Nation's recent Syrian ceasefire resolution didn't encompass Afrin, and that Turkey wasn't a function of the Syrian conflict.[118] On the side by side day, the SOHR stated that Turkish forces and its allies had taken complete control for the edge, which was also confirmed by Turkish media. Meanwhile, Turkish forces were fighting to capture the towns of Jandairis and Rajo.[119]

Encirclement of Afrin city [edit]

The TAF stated on 1 March that eight Turkish soldiers were killed, while thirteen were wounded in clashes. SOHR stated that Turkish airstrikes in the hamlet of Jamaa killed 17 pro-government fighters overnight.[120] Doğan News Agency stated that a Turkish helicopter evacuating wounded had to return when information technology was hit.[121] 36 militiamen belonging to the NDF were killed in Turkish airstrikes two days later on on a camp in Kafr Jina, per SOHR.[122]

On 3 March, the Turkish-led forces stated that they had captured Rajo,[123] ane of the major Kurdish strongholds in western Afrin. It was reported that Turkish-led forces rapidly breached its defenses and captured it in an hour.[124] Yet, SOHR reported that the town was nevertheless contested,[125] although the TFSA had captured seventy percent of it.[123] The TFSA/TSK besides stated the capturing of 6 villages, including two on the Jinderes district axis, besides as the Bafilyun mountain due west of Azaz, making quick gains in recent days.[126] The next twenty-four hours, Rajo was however under heavy Turkish battery as the TFSA was attempting to have full control of the boondocks.[127] The SDF confirmed pro-Turkish forces had entered the town and that clashes were standing during the morning.[128] Later in the mean solar day, the SOHR reported big parts of Rajo were captured, while the TFSA had also entered Shaykh al-Hadid.[129] On 5 March, Rajo was confirmed by the SOHR to had been captured past the TFSA.[130] After the capture of Rajo the TFSA also captured the notorious "black prison house" almost Rajo, which was known to be used by the YPG to jail and torture Kurdish dissents as well as anti-Assad activists and rebels.[131]

On 6 March, the SDF announced that information technology had shifted i,700 personnel from their frontlines in the Middle Euphrates river valley in Deir ez-Zor to Afrin.[132] Between viii and ix March, the Turkish Army, alongside the TFSA, captured Jandairis[133] and the Afrin Dam,[134] [135] reaching the outskirts of Afrin on ten March.[136] On 12 March, Turkish Forces had severed the water supply to the urban center of Afrin, and also cut off the city's Internet admission.[137]

By 13 March, Turkish troops announced they had now surrounded the metropolis[138] [139] [140] [141] [142] after confirmed by the UK based human rights grouping, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR).[143] On the side by side mean solar day, 7 people were killed in Turkish shelling on Afrin. Between eight and x pro-authorities fighters were killed in Turkish airstrikes to the south of Afrin.[144] [145]

By then, SDF troops had moved into Afrin from other areas, including retreating troops from the unsuccessful defense force of Jinderes, and dozens of international volunteers,[146] reinforcing the troop numbers there, and preparing defenses.[147] By Mid March, civilians started arriving in the city, organizing themselves equally human shields in anticipation of the assail[148] while another 2000 civilians fled the city, in advance of the Turkish troops.[149]

Capture of Afrin city [edit]

A Turkish soldier displays the Turkish flag on a government building during the capture of the city, xviii March 2018

On 15 March, Turkish artillery bombardment against the urban center increased, with 12 people killed and lx injured. Food shortages were reported in the city, with long queues at bakeries. Turkey allowed people to exit the city through the one remaining road, with nearly ten,000 people exiting the city.[150] Turkey started dropping flyers on the city on xv March, urging the Kurdish and allied fighters to give up, and asking civilians to stay away from "terrorist" positions.[151] Turkish artillery fire continued on the side by side mean solar day, killing some other 16 people.[152] Meanwhile, the YPG stated that a Turkish airstrike hit the principal hospital in the city - the only functioning hospital - resulting in xvi civilians expressionless.[153] The Hospital had already been inundated with injured people from the region, fleeing Turkish advances.[154] Turkish drone footage released the next day showed the hospital intact.[155]

On 17 March, Turkish and TFSA forces started their ground assail on the metropolis. They met light resistance and penetrated to the center of the city. Nearly of the population had left, and rather than engaging the Turkish forces, most of the SDF had retreated, leaving only a small resistance backside. On xviii March, TAF forces posted pictures from the center of the city, which appeared to be largely empty. Turkish troops initially shot at, and and so removed with a bulldozer, a statue of Kawa, a legendary Kurdish figure, in the center of the boondocks, and raised Turkish flags throughout the urban center. The city was captured with little losses past the TAF and little losses by the SDF in their withdrawal.[156] [157] SDF troops had withdrawn to regime-held areas, or to SDF areas due east of the Euphrates. SDF troops had been ordered to withdraw, though a few minor pockets refused orders and stayed to combat the Turkish forces.[158] The UN High Commissioner for Homo Rights Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein said of the capture: "In the city of Afrin, which was captured past Turkish forces yesterday, scores of civilians have been killed and injured due to airstrikes, ground-based strikes, and explosive hazards, and thousands have been displaced."[159]

After the capture of Afrin, which had been deserted by about of its residents, Turkish-backed fighters then began stealing vehicles and appurtenances, annexation the homes, businesses, and political and military machine sites.[160] [161] In response to these events, the Turkish military machine and allied TFSA units, including the Syrian Interim Government's Armed forces Police, fix up checkpoints in front end of the metropolis, and arrested several looters. Some battalions of the TFSA's 3rd Corps were disbanded due to their participation in the thefts.[162] The Levant Front announced that they dismissed 52 of its members, due to assault on the backdrop of civilians.[163]

Aftermath [edit]

A militant stands atop a toppled statue in Afrin, 18 March 2018

A PYD spokesman had announced shortly after the capture of Afrin city that the SDF would continue to fight the pro-Turkish forces using guerilla tactics.[164] [165] On iv May, the YPG too declared that they would target the family unit members of rebel fighters active in Afrin region, every bit well as refugees that were settled in Afrin.[166] [167] The "Wrath of Olives" functioning room was established in early summer, 2018. The YPG has denied existence affiliated with this group,[168] which has been active all over Turkish-held Syrian arab republic. By May 2018, a insurgency had cleaved out in Afrin Commune, as YPG holdouts[169] and allied militants, calling themselves the "Afrin Falcons",[170] were carrying out bombings, ambushes and assassinations against the Turkish regular army, the TFSA, and civilian sympathizers.[169] [171]

After the Turkish-led forces captured Afrin District in early 2018, they began to implement a resettlement policy by moving Arab refugees from southern Syria into the empty homes that belonged to displaced locals.[172] [173]

The edge crossing between Afrin and Turkey reopened in November 2018.[174]

On 18 November 2018, the Turkish Army and Turkish-backed rebel factions launched an operation against a grouping named al-Sharqiya Martyrs of about 200 fighters who were accused of disobey and commit abuses.[175] A rebel commander named Mahmoud 'Azazi was killed on 19 Nov and a mass rebel surrender took place on the same day.[176] [177] [178] The clashes left 25 fighters dead.[179]

On 28 April 2020, a bombing in Afrin killed twoscore people, including xi children. No group claimed responsibility. Turkey blamed the YPG for the assail. According to the head of the British-based Observatory for human rights in Syria, at to the lowest degree six pro-Turkish Syrian fighters were amongst those killed in the blast with a possibility of increment in the death toll.[180] [181] At least 47 people were reported injured, co-ordinate to Al Jazeera.[182] The explosion was believed to have been caused past the rigging of a fuel tanker with hand grenades, the governor of Hatay province of the neighboring Turkish border stated.[183] Many people, alongside those who got trapped in their cars were burnt to death equally a result of the blast, Syrian activists disclosed.[184]

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Coordinates: 36°22′21″N 37°31′04″E  /  36.3725°Due north 37.5178°Due east  / 36.3725; 37.5178

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrin_offensive_%28January%E2%80%93March_2018%29

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